B.J. Habibie

Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie (born in Parepare, South Sulawesi, on June 25, 1936) was the third President of Indonesia. He replaced Soeharto who resigned from the Presidency on May 21, 1998. His position was replaced by Abdurrahman Wahid (Gus Dur) who was elected President on October 20, 1999 by the MPR in 1999 election results. With shake for 2 months and 7 days as Vice President, and 1 year and 5 months as President, Habibie was Vice President and President of Indonesia with the shortest term.

Family and education
Habibie was the fourth of eight children, Alwi Abdul Jalil Habibie couples and r.a. Tuti Marini Puspowardojo. Alwi Abdul Jalil Habibie was born on August 17, 1908 in Gorontalo and r.a. Tuti Marini born Yogyakarta Puspowardojo November 10, 1911. R.a. Tuti Marini's mother Puspowardojo was the son of an eye specialist in Yogya, and his father was named Puspowardjojo served as the owner of the school. B.J. Habibie is one of seven brothers. B.J. Habibie and Hasri Ainun Besari married on 12 May 1962, with whom he had two sons, Ilham Akbar and Thareq Kemal.

Before it he ever learned on SMAK Dago. he studied mechanical engineering at Bandung Institute of technology in 1954. In 1955-1965 he continued engineering study aviation, airplanes, construction specialties at the RWTH Aachen, Western Germany, earned his ingineur his diploma in 1960 and a doctorate in 1965, ingineur, graduating summa cum laude.

Jobs and career
Habibie has previously worked at Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm, an airline company based in Hamburg, Germany, that reached the top of his career as a Vice President of technology. In 1973, he returned to Indonesia at the request of former President Suharto.
He then served as Minister of research and technology since 1978 until March 1998. Before becoming President (May 21, 1998-October 20, 1999), was Vice President BJ Habibie (14 March 1998 – 21 May 1998) in the seventh development cabinet under President Suharto.
He was appointed Chairman of KADIN (Indonesia Muslim Intellectuals), during his tenure as Minister.

Presidency
Habibie inherited a chaotic condition in post Suharto's resignation breaking loose on the new order era, giving rise to rampant riots and disintegerasi almost the entire territory of Indonesia. As soon as it gained control for President, Habibie quickly assembled a Cabinet. One of the important tasks is to return get support from the International Monetary Fund and donor community for economic recovery program. He also frees political prisoners and easing controls on freedom of speech and the activities of the organization.

During the brief reign he managed to provide a solid foundation for Indonesia, at which time the Antitrust ACT or born to ACT healthy competition, a change in the political parties ACT and the most important is the autonomy of the region. Through the implementation of the autonomous region's turmoil disintergrasi inherited since the new order era managed to finally bury a muted and in the era of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, in the absence of autonomous region ACT certainly Indonesia will suffer the same fate as the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia.

The appointment of BJ Habibie as President raises a wide range of controversies for the people of Indonesia. The party considers the appointment of Habibie pro is unconstitutional. It complies with the provisions of article 8, which States that the Constitution "when the President died, stopped, or is unable to perform his duties in his time in Office, he was succeeded by Vice President of until his time runs out". While the parties consider that the appointment of cons B.J. Habibie was considered unconstitutional. This is contrary to the provisions of article 9 of the Constitution states that "assuming the Office of the President before the President has to say the oath or pledge in front of the ASSEMBLY or the HOUSE of REPRESENTATIVES".

The steps undertaken in the politics of B.J. Habibie is:

1. Giving people freedom to channel aspirasinya so many emerging new political parties i.e. as many as 48 political parties
2. Freeing political prisoners (prisoners) as Sri Bintang Pamungkas (former member of Parliament who went to jail for criticizing President Soeharto) and Jonathan Pakpahan (labor leader who was sentenced for allegedly triggering the riots in Medan in 1994)
3. Removed the ban on the establishment of independent unions
4. Creates three democratic legislation, namely:
5. Act No. 2 of 1999 on political parties
6. Act No. 3 of 1999 on general election
7. Act No. 4 of 1999 regarding the arrangement position of DPR/MPR
8. Set 12 MPR Decrees and ordinances which reflect there are 4 answers from the demands of the reform are:
9. Tap MPR No. VIII/MPR/1998 regarding the lifting of Tap No. IV/MPR/1983 about Referendum
10. Tap MPR No. IX/MPR/1998, of the GBHN
11. Tap MPR No. XII/MPR/1998, about the awarding of special duties and powers to the President/mandataris ASSEMBLY in order to facilitate national development and security as implementing Pancasila
12. Tap MPR No. XVIII/MPR/1998 regarding the lifting of Pedoman Penghayatan dan Pengamalan Pancasila (P4)

In the field of Economics, he managed to cut the exchange rate of the rupiah against the dollar still ranges between $ 1- $ 1.5 . But at the end of his reign, especially after his impeachment, the MPR rejected the exchange rate rupiah soared up on the level of Usd $ 6.5 per u.s. dollar value that will never be reached again in the next Government. In addition, he also began applying the independence of Bank Indonesia to be more focused with the economy. To resolve the monetary crisis and economic improvement, B.J. Habibie do the steps for indonesia as follows:

1. Do a recap of banking restructuring and through the establishment of the AGENCY and the State Assets Management unit
2. Liquidate troubled banks
3. Raise the exchange rate of the rupiah against the dollar to below Rp. 10.000
4. Forming and monitoring institutions to issue foreign debt settlement
5. Implement the required economic reforms the IMF
6. Passed Act No. 5 of 1999 concerning the prohibition of Monopoly Practices and unhealthy Competition
7. Passed Act No. 8 of 1999 on the protection of Consumers

One of the mistakes that the largest opposition party was assessed after serving as President, the holding of the referendum, BJ Habibie allowed the province of East Timor (now Timor-Leste), he proposed quite tumultuous public at that time, namely conducting polls for the East Timorese to choose independence or remain part of Indonesia. During his presidency, East Timor separated from the unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia and became a sovereign country detached on 30 August 1999. The loss of East Timor, on the one hand it disesali by some citizens of Indonesia, but on the other hand cleaning up Indonesia's name which is often tainted by allegations of human rights violations in East Timor.

This is the case which prompted the opposition parties who are not satisfied with the background of the more enterprising Habibie dropped Habibie. These efforts finally got done on the 1999 General Assembly, he decided not to run again after his impeachment report is rejected by the MPR.

The views of the Government on the initial reform era Habibie tends to be negative, but in line with the development time of many who assess positively Government of Habibie. Any positive Outlook that has been said by l. Misbah Hidayat in his Comparative study of Administrative Reform: Government of Three Presidents.

"Vision, mission and leadership of President Habibie in carrying out reform agenda did not get released from the experience of his life. Any decisions taken are based on factors that can be measured. It's no wonder that each policy were taken sometimes make people terkaget-kaget and do not understand. Even some among the considered apolitical and not Habibie callous. Habibie's leadership like that pattern can be understandably considering the background of his studies as a doctor in the field of aircraft construction. With regard to the spirit of democratization, Habibie has done changes by building a Government that is transparent and dialogis. Democratic principles are also applied in economic policy accompanied law enforcement and is aimed for the welfare of the people. In managing the activities of the Cabinet of the day-day went by when, Habibie. It increases the coordination and remove egosentisme sekotral antarmenteri. In addition a number of coloring creativity Habibie leadership style in handling the issue of the nation.[5] in order to overcome the economic problems, for example, he appointed a Special Envoy of entrepreneurs. And employers who bear the cost alone. The task is very important, because one of the Government's weakness is the lack of any real Indonesia explain the circumstances in the international community. Meanwhile the press, especially the foreign press, impressed only exposing the negative news about Indonesia so unbalanced in news coverage. ”

Post-presidency
After he came down from his position as President, he lived in Germany more than in Indonesia. But when the Presidency of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, he was again active as an advisor to the President for control of the process of democratization in Indonesia through the establishment of the Organization of the Habibie Center.

Habibie's Works

• Proceedings of the International Symposium on Aeronautical Science and Technology of Indonesia / B. J. Habibie; B. Laschka [Editors]. Indonesian Aeronautical and Astronautical Institute; Deutsche Gesellschaft für Luft- und Raumfahrt 1986
• Eine Berechnungsmethode zum Voraussagen des Fortschritts von Rissen unter beliebigen Belastungen und Vergleiche mit entsprechenden Versuchsergebnissen, Presentasi pada Simposium DGLR di Baden-Baden,11-13 Oktober 1971
• Beitrag zur Temperaturbeanspruchung der orthotropen Kragscheibe, Disertasi di RWTH Aachen, 1965
• Sophisticated technologies : taking root in developing countries, International journal of technology management : IJTM. - Geneva-Aeroport : Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, 1990
• Einführung in die finite Elementen Methode,Teil 1, Hamburger Flugzeugbau GmbH, 1968
• Entwicklung eines Verfahrens zur Bestimmung des Rißfortschritts in Schalenstrukturen, Hamburger Flugzeugbau GmbH, Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm GmbH, 1970
• Entwicklung eines Berechnungsverfahrens zur Bestimmung der Rißfortschrittsgeschwindigkeit an Schalenstrukturen aus A1-Legierungen und Titanium, Hamburger Flugzeugbau GmbH, Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm GmbH, 1969
• Detik-detik Yang Menentukan - Jalan Panjang Indonesia Menuju Demokrasi, 2006 (memory about events in 1998)
• Habibie dan Ainun, The Habibie Center Mandiri, 2009 (about Ainun Habibie)

About Habibie

• Hosen, Nadirsyah, Indonesian political laws in the Habibie Era: Between political camps and law reform, Nordic journal of international, law, ISSN 0029-151X, Bd. 72 (2003), 4. 483-504
• Rice, Robert Charles, English approaches to technology policy during the Soeharto era: Habibie, Sumitro and others, Indonesian economic development (1990), p. 53-66
• Makka, prosperous. A, The True Life of HABIBIE's story behind the success, FAITH LIBRARY, ISBN 978-979-3371-83-2, 2008

 Source: http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacharuddin_Jusuf_Habibie